The Fast of Nineveh always occurs two weeks before the beginning of the Great Lent. The Church observes this fast in imitation of the people of Nineveh, seeking the mercies of God. It also prepares the minds of the faithful for the journey of Great Lent, which includes repentance, burial, and resurrection with Christ, just as happened with the Prophet Jonah.
The rite of the Fast of Nineveh is similar to the rite of the days of Great Lent, as follows:
Matins Incense Offering
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The Matins incense offering is raised in the morning separately from the Divine Liturgy.
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After the Prayer of Thanksgiving, the chanters say the Lenten Kyrie Eleison instead of the Four Bell Responses.
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The bell is not used.
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After the Litany for the Sick and the Travelers, the Doxology of the Fast of Nineveh is chanted before the Doxology of the Virgin.
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The priest prays “Afnouti Nai Nan”, and the people respond Kyrie Eleison three times in a merged response.
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The candles and lights are extinguished, except for the eastern sanctuary lamp, then the sanctuary curtain is drawn, and the prophecies are read.
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After the prophecies are read, the candles and lights are lit again.
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The priest prays the supplication with prostrations (metanias), and the people respond Kyrie Eleison, as in the supplication of the Holy Pascha.
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Then the priest prays the Litany of the Gospel, the Psalm is chanted, and the Gospel is read in Coptic and Arabic, followed by the conclusion.
The Divine Liturgy
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The Liturgy must begin at noon.
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The Psalms of the canonical hours are prayed: the Third, Sixth, Ninth, Vespers, Compline, and the Prayer of the Veil in monasteries.
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The service ends at sunset (the eleventh hour).
During the offering of the Lamb:
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The hymn “Alleluia Je Ef Ekhon” is chanted instead of “Alleluia Fai Pe Pi.”
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Then “Sotēs Amen” is said in a merged response, followed by “Nef Senti.”
The priest says “Eklinomen Taghonata” (Let us bow our knees) three times, making three prostrations before the altar, and the people respond, then they say Kyrie Eleison, after which the priest reads the Absolution of the Servants.
The deacons chant “Entho Teh Ti Shori.”
The Intercessions (Hitenias) may be said without using the bell, and they include the special quarter for the Prophet Jonah before the quarter for the Apostolic Fathers.
Then the hymn “Ten Oosht” is chanted before the Pauline Epistle.
At the offering of incense for the Acts (Praxis), the Praxis response “Shari Efnoti” is chanted.
Then the Litany of the Gospel and the Gospel reading follow, with the Gospel response appropriate to each day for both Matins and the Liturgy.
The Fraction and Distribution
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The Fraction prayer of the Holy Forty-Day Fast is prayed.
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Communion distribution follows the Great Lent manner, and the response during distribution is: “Jonah in the belly of the whale as a symbol of Christ in the tomb for three days.”
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Then the “Pi-Mai Rōmi” responses and appropriate praises of the Fast of Nineveh are chanted.
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The Liturgy concludes in the usual way with “Amen, Alleluia.”
Readings of the Sunday Before the Fast of Nineveh
The readings of the Sunday before the Fast of Nineveh (the preparation Sunday) follow the usual Sunday rite, and the Annual Fraction is prayed.
However, if this Sunday coincides with the fifth Sunday of the Coptic month, then the readings of the Sunday before Great Lent are read instead of the readings of the fifth Sunday.
Thursday of Jonah’s Pascha
The rite of Thursday of Jonah’s Pascha is annual, except for the readings, and it has specific Gospel responses for both Matins and the Liturgy.
Katameros (Lectionary):
A Greek word meaning “the Gospel of the day.” It is an ecclesiastical term from the Greek language meaning the appointed portion of readings for each day throughout the Church’s liturgical year. These readings are based on Christian doctrine and its foundation in the Lord Jesus Christ—through the proclamation of the Holy Gospel, the Acts of the Apostles and their writings, and through the fore shadowing of the Old Testament such as the Psalms and prophecies—while also considering the lives of the saints and the righteous as testimony and application of this teaching.
Rite:
A Greek word meaning order or arrangement. Here it refers to the order of the Church’s prayers - Liturgies, Feasts, Fasts, hymns, the Agpeya (Book of the Hours), and the readings. Rites are generally external practices, but they have internal effectiveness because they help a person worship God with spirit, mind, and body. If the rite is the outward form, the doctrine is the essence.